Which case addressed the constitutionality of campaign finance disclosure and spending limits?

• A. Lau v. Nichols
• B. Schenck v. United States
• C. Citizens United v. FEC
• D. Buckley v. Valeo

Answer: (D)

Campaign finance laws test how to balance transparency with free political speech. In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court looked at FECA’s rules on disclosures and spending. The Court upheld the disclosure requirements, agreeing that publicly reporting contributions and expenditures serves an important government interest in transparency and accountability and does not violate First Amendment rights when applied to reporting and public information. It also allowed limits on contributions to candidates and political committees as a tool to prevent corruption or the appearance of influence. But it struck down or limited spending limits on a candidate’s own expenditures and on independent expenditures by others, ruling that capping how much money people can spend to influence elections restricts political speech protected by the First Amendment. So, this case is the key decision that addresses both the constitutionality of disclosure and the status of spending limits in campaign finance. Other listed cases concern different issues—language access, wartime free speech restrictions, or corporate spending in elections—rather than the specific combination of disclosure requirements and spending limits.